Browsing by Author "Marshall, Erica M."

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    Cardiac Autonomic Function Following Bilateral and Unilateral Upper Body Acute Resistance Exercise
    (Pub Med, 2022-05-17) Marshall, Erica M.; Parks, Jason C.; Erb, Emily K.; Humm, Stacie M.; Kingsley, J. Derek
    The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac autonomic responses following bilateral and unilateral upper-body (UB) acute resistance exercise (ARE). In total, 14 individuals were assessed for markers of cardiac autonomic responses via heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) at rest and at 10- and 30-min following ARE. Logarithmically transformed (ln) HRV measures included: total power (ln TP), high-frequency power (ln HF power), low-frequency power (ln LF power), sympathovagal balance (ln LF: HF), and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (ln RMSSD). BRS was assessed using the sequence method. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze effects of UB ARE (bilateral, unilateral) across time (Rest, 10, and 30 min). There were no significant ( p > 0.05) interactions. However, there were significant ( p ≤ 0.05) main effects of time such that ln TP, ln HF power, ln RMSSD, and BRS decreased and did not recover within 30 min compared to Rest for both conditions. Collectively, this study suggests that bilateral and unilateral UB ARE yielded similar reductions, for at least 30 min, in respect to vagal measures of HRV and BRS.
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    Cold Water Facial Immersion to Reduce Orthostatic Intolerance
    (Florida Southern College, 2021-03-29) Rodriguez, Rebecca; Marshall, Erica M.
    During standing, passive effects of gravity result in venous pooling in the lower extremities. In healthy individuals, these effects are largely offset by actions of the baroreflex and subsequent sympathetic induced vasoconstriction. However, in those who experience orthostatic intolerance (OI), this response may be attenuated and lead to reductions in blood pressure (BP) and presyncope. Interestingly, highly trained aerobic athletes may be at risk of developing OI due to training induced reductions in sensitivity of the baroreflex. Interventions are necessary to mitigate symptoms of OI, but not interfere with exercise training in this population. In the literature, cold-water facial immersion is one intervention that may combat this paradox. Specifically, facial immersion in 0°C cold water, or an ice pack applied to the forehead and cheeks has been shown to increase vasoconstriction in the lower extremities, thus preventing large reductions in BP and symptoms of OI. Collectively, exercise professionals may use cold water facial immersion or ice pack application as part of the exercise prescription for highly trained aerobic individuals who experienced OI.
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    Effects of a Cool-Down after Supramaximal Interval Exercise on Autonomic Modulation
    (MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland, 2022-04-29) Parks, Jason C.; Marshall, Erica M.; Humm, Stacie M.; Erb, Emily K.; Kingsley, J. Derek
    Supramaximal interval exercise alters measures of autonomic modulation, while a cool-down may speed the recovery of vagal modulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a cool-down (pedaling a cycle ergometer at 50 rpm against a resistance of 45 W) versus passive recovery (no pedaling) after supramaximal interval exercise on autonomic modulation. Sixteen moderately active individuals (Mean ± SD: 23 ± 3 years (men: n = 10; women: n = 6) were assessed for autonomic modulation at Rest, and 15 (R15), 30 (R30), 45 (R45) and 60 (R60) min following supramaximal interval exercise. Linear measures of autonomic modulation included natural log (ln) total power (lnTP), high-frequency power (lnHF), the ratio of low frequency (LF) to HF ln(LF/HF) ratio, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (lnRMSSD), while non-linear measures included sample entropy (SampEn) and Lempel-Ziv entropy (LZEn). Two-way repeated ANOVAs were used to evaluate the main effects of condition (cool-down, passive recovery) across time (Rest, and R15, R30, R45 and R60). There were significant ( p ≤ 0.05) condition by time interactions for SampEn and LZEn, such that they decreased at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during passive recovery compared to Rest, with the recovery of SampEn and LZEn by 60 and 45 min, respectively, during cool-down. There were significant ( p ≤ 0.05) main effects of time for lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD, such that lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD were attenuated, and lnLF/HF ratio was augmented, at all recovery times compared to Rest. These data demonstrate that a cool-down increases the recovery of nonlinear measures of vagal modulation within 45-60 min after supramaximal interval exercise, compared to passive recovery in moderately active individuals.
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    Hemodynamic response and pulse wave analysis after upper- and lower-body resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction
    (Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2021-10) Tai, Yu L.; Marshall, Erica M.; Parks, Jason C.; Kingsley, J. Derek
    Resistance exercise (RE) has been shown to elevate hemodynamics and pulse wave reflection. However, the effects of acute RE with blood flow restriction (BFR) on hemodynamics and pulse wave reflection are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences between upper- and lower-body RE with and without BFR on hemodynamics and pulse wave reflection. Twenty-three young resistance-trained individuals volunteered for the study. Hemodynamics and pulse wave reflection were assessed at rest, 10, 25, 40, and 55 min after either upper- or lower-body with or without BFR. The upper-body RE (URE) consisted of the latissimus dorsi pulldown and chest press; the lower-body RE (LRE) consisted of knee extension and knee flexion. The BFR condition consisted of four sets of 30, 15, 15, and 15 repetitions at 30% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) while the without BFR condition consisted of four sets of 8 repetitions at 70% 1RM. Heart rate, rate pressure product, and subendocardial viability ratio significantly (p < 0.05) increased after all exercises. Brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure (BP) significantly (p < 0.05) elevated after LRE while brachial and aortic diastolic BP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced after URE. Augmentation pressure, augmentation index (AIx), AIx normalized at 75 bpm, and wasted left ventricular pressure energy significantly (p < 0.05) increased after URE while transit time of reflected wave significantly (p < 0.05) decreased after LRE. URE places greater stress on pulse wave reflection while LRE results in greater responses in BP. Regardless of URE or LRE, the cardiovascular responses between BFR and without BFR are similar.HIGHLIGHTS High-load resistance exercise and low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction may produce similar cardiovascular responses.Upper-body resistance exercise generates greater changes on pulse wave reflections while lower-body resistance exercise induces greater elevations in systolic blood pressure.
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    Testing the Validity of the InjurySway App and Vibration’s Effect on Shoulder Control
    (Florida Southern College, 2021-05) Winton, Amber; Lynch, James M.; Marshall, Erica M.
    Upper extremity stability is critical for injury prevention. Vibration may improve proprioception, reducing injury risk. Mobile applications are accessible reliable tools to measure recovery in athletes. One research purpose investigated whether the InjurySway iPhone app is a valid measure of upper extremity proprioception. The other was whether an acute bout of shoulder exercise performed with an inexpensive vibration toy improves shoulder position sense. Each session, the subject held the phone on the palm, arm forward for 20 seconds both arms. Each subject then completed a Full Can exercise set with the randomly assigned Bumble Ball state (vibration/no vibration) and repeated the app stability measure. Subjects completed a session with the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST). Subjects assumed a pushup position and alternated touching two pieces of tape, 36 inches apart for 15 seconds. Thirty subjects (age 18-22) completed three trials. There was no correlation between path lengths of the conditions and CKCUEST touches. There was a significant decrease in sway over time for both conditions, but no significant difference between the two. Therefore, the Full Can exercise bout decreased sway, but vibration did not contribute to a significant difference. The InjurySway app is not a valid proprioception measure.
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    Using the Head Up Tilt Test to Diagnose Orthostatic Intolerance
    (Florida Southern College, 2021-04-29) Rincon Garcia, Daniela; Marshall, Erica M.
    Approximately 500,000 individuals have orthostatic intolerance (OI). OI is defined as a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP), or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by at least 20 and 10 mmHg, respectively within three minutes of standing. During standing, reductions in vasoconstriction contribute to venous pooling and then fainting. OI is a primary symptom in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). In addition to OI, persons with POTS have reduced exercise capacity. POTS can be diagnosed using various autonomic tests, such as the head up tilt (HUT). The HUT is comprised of a 15-30 min rest in the supine position on a tilt table, followed by tilt to 60 degrees for 30-45 min. During this time, HR, SBP, DBP, and electrocardiogram measures are assessed. Collectively, diagnosis is crucial in order to improve symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life. Following diagnosis, appropriate interventions can be made. According to the literature, one of the most effective interventions for improving POTS is a progressive exercise program, which has been reported to be superior to use of pharmacologic agents. In summary, this presentation seeks to address OI in POTS patients, explore a modality for its’ diagnoses, and report exercise interventions to improve POTS.
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    Using the Isometric Handgrip to Diagnose and Treat Future Hypertension
    (Florida Southern College, 2021-04-29) Eidenschink, Emily; Marshall, Erica M.
    Hypertension (HTN) is defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 80mmHg. HTN is a known risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in Americans. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, HTN may be predictable and is associated with an exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response. The isometric hand grip (IHG) test can be used to assess BP reactivity. During the IHG test, the subject performs a 30% maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the forearm muscles with a hand grip dynamometer for two minutes. BP reactivity is calculated as the difference between the highest BP during the IHG test and BP at rest. Although a universal standard is not defined, generally a rise in BP ≥ 22 mmHg is abnormal and the individual is considered a hyperreactor. Thus, the IHG test may be used to identify those at risk for developing HTN. In the literature, exercise training using the IHG has been demonstrated as an intervention to improve BP reactivity on the IHG test. In summary, the IHG is multipurpose tool that can be used by exercise professionals for potential diagnoses and treatment of future HTN.
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    Using the Post-exercise Muscle Ischemia Test to Predict Hypertension
    (Florida Southern College, 2021-04-29) Diamond, Ryan; Marshall, Erica M.
    Hypertension increases risk cardiovascular disease and mortality and is defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 80mmHg. Early detection and prevention are essential. The American College of Sports Medicine suggests that hypertension may be predicted by an exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response. Further, this abnormal BP response may be mediated by a heightened metaboreflex. The post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) test can be used to assess BP reactivity due to actions of the metaboreflex. During the PEMI test, the subject performs two minutes of isometric hand grip exercise. Then, in the final seconds of exercise a BP cuff on the upper arm is inflated to suprastolic levels for three minutes. BP reactivity is calculated as the difference between the highest and lowest BP during the test and rest. If the individual has an increase in BP ≥ 22 mmHg they are considered a hyperreactor. Therefore, the PEMI test may be used by exercise and health professionals to identify hyperreactors, or those at risk for developing hypertension. Following this test, an intervention can then be initiated, such as exercise training, to improve BP reactivity and hypertensive risk.
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    Vascular Responses to High-Intensity Battling Rope Exercise between the Sexes
    (Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2021-06) Marshall, Erica M.; Parks, Jason C.; Singer, Tyler J.; Tai, Yu Lun; DeBord, Alexa R.; Humm, Stacie M.; Kingsley, J. Derek
    The purpose of the study was to assess high-intensity battling rope exercise (HI-BRE) on hemodynamics, pulse wave reflection and arterial stiffness during recovery and between sexes. Twentythree young, healthy resistance-trained individuals (men: n = 13; women: n = 10) were assessed for all measures at Rest, as well as 10-, 30-, and 60-minutes following HI-BRE. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of HI-BRE across time (Rest, 10, 30, and 60-minutes) on all dependent variables. Significant main effects were analyzed using paired t-tests with a Sidak correction factor. Significance was accepted a priori at p - 0.05. There were significant reductions in hemodynamic measures of diastolic blood pressure (BP) in women, but not men following HI-BRE at 30 minutes. Further, measures of pulse wave reflection, specifically those of the augmentation index (AIx) and wasted left ventricular energy (-Ew), were significantly increased in both men and women for 60 minutes, but changes were significantly attenuated in women suggesting less ventricular work. There were also significant increases in arterial stiffness in regard to the aorta and common carotid artery that were fully recovered by 30 and 60 minutes, respectively with no differences between men and women. Thus, the primary findings of this study suggest that measures of hemodynamics and pulse wave reflection are collectively altered for at least 60 minutes following HIBRE, with women having attenuated responses compared to men.