Browsing by Author "Smith, Patrick L."
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Item Actions speak louder than personality: Effects of facebook content on personality perceptions(North American Journal of Psychology, 2014-03) Goodmon, Leilani B.; Smith, Patrick L.; Ivancevich, Danica; Lundberg, SofieMore employers are using Facebook content to evaluate employee characteristics (such as personality) that might influence job performance (Karl & Peluchette, 2009) believing that personality assessment of Facebook users is actually quite accurate (Kluemper & Rosen, 2009). However, researchers have not examined the impact of specific content on personality perception. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the influence of content (professional, moderately professional, unprofessional) on evaluations of a target Facebook user’s personality. Participants were exposed to three real Facebook profiles that varied in the amount of inappropriate content (e.g., drinking, use of profanity, etc.) and were asked to separately rate levels of the Big Five personality characteristics for each of the Facebook users. Overall, participants were better at assessing the personality of the professional Facebook user (with no inappropriate content) compared to the users who had either moderately-professional or unprofessional content. In addition, there appears to be a 'cost' associated with posting even a small amount of 'negative content,' in that participants exhibited inaccurate personality perceptions of the moderately-professional user. These findings may be particularly important when one considers that employers are using Facebook information to evaluate prospective employees in the hiring process. Given the massive distortions in personality perceptions found in the current study, caution should be taken by those using Facebook to evaluate personality and Facebook users should take caution when posting negative content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)Item Branded: The effects of LGBTQ+ marketing on consumer and appetitive reactions to food(North American Journal Of Psychology, 2020-12) Ready, Emily J.; Smith, Patrick L.; Goodmon, Leilani B.; Welsh, Brianna C.; Pridgen, MiriamSocial awareness of brands is an influential factor in marketing, as personal values can relate to emotionally-driven perceptions of the brand image. Previous research examined effects of companies who use views on the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, plus (LGBTQ+) community in their advertisements, and subsequent impact of consumer responses. In the case of brands that promote food products, behaviors beyond consumer preferences are also influenced by brand advertisements. The purpose of the current study is to investigate relationships between LGBTQ+ attitudes in consumers and their relative ratings (consumer and appetitive) for a food product when it is associated with a pointed opinion about the LGBTQ+ community. Participants (n = 75) were prescreened for attitudes towards the LGBTQ+ community (positively or negatively) and were subsequently given an ice cream sample from a fictional company. During this time, participants were exposed to a vignette that depicted pro-LGBTQ+, anti-LGBTQ+, or no reference to LGBTQ+ company values. Results showed that those identified as having pro- or anti- LGBTQ+ attitudes displayed significantly higher consumer ratings towards a brand that aligned with their beliefs. Marketed social issues can impact perceptions of brands, which in turn affects consumer decisions, but not necessarily how sensory features are perceived. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)Item The Burtynsky effect: Aesthetic reactions to landscape photographs that vary in natural features(Educational Publishing Foundation, 2018-02) Smith, Patrick L.; Goodmon, Leilani B.; Hester, SarahPrevious research has explored how the content of landscape photography (i.e., natural vs. human-made) and postmanipulation of photographs (e.g., clarity and color) can influence aesthetic judgments. Although natural landscapes are reliably rated as more likable compared with human-made landscapes, very little is known about combined natural and human-made landscapes that depict alterations of the natural world by human interventions. After categorizing the works of Edward Burtynsky as 'combined' landscapes along a continuum between natural and human-made landscape photographs, participants rated the likability and familiarity (i.e., whether landscapes were previously viewed or not) of all three types of images in a series of three experiments that measured likability and familiarity differences as a function of landscape type (Experiment 1), postmanipulation of color (Experiment 2), and postmanipulation of image clarity (Experiment 3). Natural photographs were rated significantly higher than all other photograph types (regardless of color or clarity manipulation), and combined photographs were significantly rated the lowest in all experimental conditions, especially those that were previously viewed. Across all conditions, previously viewed photographs were reliably discriminated from those that were not. The results suggest that the combined Burtynsky photographs fall outside a continuum of likability between natural and human-made extremes, and such a low aesthetic rating of previously viewed combined photographs may be because of negative social priming, an altered fluency processing, or both. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)Item Graphic Novelisation Effects on Recognition Abilities in Students with Dyslexia(Taylor & Francis, 2021-03) Smith, Patrick L.; Goodmon, Leilani B.; Howard, Jordan R.; Hancock, Rebekah; Hartzell, Kylie A.; Hilbert, Sarah E.Because of a focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), elementary school systems are implementing material that is more complex in nature. However, children with learning disabilities like dyslexia may struggle with learning such content. Because studies have shown that children with dyslexia may benefit from more visually oriented materials, the purpose of this study was to determine if elements of graphic novelisation (i.e. graphic novel panels) improved short and long-term memory of brain structures and functions in children with dyslexia. Thirty-eight fifth-grade students (22 children diagnosed with dyslexia and 16 without reading difficulties) participated in the study. All children, including age-equivalent controls, exhibited higher recognition rates of brain structures and functions for graphic novel study materials (i.e. metaphorical definitions and illustrations). In children with dyslexia, the memory benefit for brain structures and functions resulting from exposure to the graphic novel panels was evident after the short interval. However, for children without dyslexia, this memory benefit was only marginally evident after the long interval. The results imply that image-based metaphors combined with text-based, scientific content may serve as an effective pedagogical supplement for children with or without reading disabilities.Item Horror, Halloween, and Hegemony: A Psychoanalytical Profile and Empirical Gender Study of the “Final Girls” in the Halloween Franchise(Florida Southern College, 2021-05) Lehmann, Tabatha; Smith, Patrick L.The purpose of this study is to determine how the perceptions of femininity have changed throughout time. This can be made possible through a psychoanalysis of the main character of Halloween, Laurie Strode, and other female characters from the original Halloween film released in 1978 to the more recent sequel announced in 2018. Previous research has shown that horror films from the slasher genre in the 1970s and 1980s have historically depicted men and women as displaying behaviors that are largely indicative of their gender stereotypes (Clover, 1997; Connelly, 2007). Men are typically the antagonists of these films, and display perceptible aggression, authority, and physical strength; on the contrary, women generally play the victims, and are usually portrayed as weaker, more subordinate, and often in a role that perpetuates the classic stereotypes of women as more submissive to males and as being more emotionally stricken during perceived traumatic events (Clover, 1997; Lizardi, 2010; Rieser, 2001; Williams, 1991). Research has also shown that the “Final Girl” in horror films—the last girl left alive at the end of the movie—has been depicted as conventionally less feminine compared to other female characters featured in these films (De Muzio, 2006; Lizardi, 2010). This study found that Laurie Strode in 1978 was more highly rated on a gender role scale for feminine characteristics, while Laurie Strode in 2018 was found to have had significantly higher rating for masculine word descriptors than feminine. The results show that examining femininity throughout generations of women in this classic slasher film franchise can therefore help determine how gender stereotypes have changed within the forty-year time span between the 1978 and 2018 Halloween films as a function of time and age.Item “Meme, myself, and I:” Self-directed effects in meme-centered pedagogy(Florida Southern College, 2021-12-02) Shibilski, Katelyn; Smith, Patrick L.Neuroscience, the study of the brain and nervous system, has been steadily growing as a field of study in undergraduate establishments over the past four decades (Ramos et al., 2011). Neuroscience has a complex vocabulary that is new to most students, which in some students may cause some anxiety (Birkett & Shelton, 2011). To counteract this anxiety, some educators have begun to use alternative assignments. Researchers have found that interactive and cooperative learning settings can decrease science anxiety (Okebukola, 1986). Interactive learning has also been shown to increase engagement in the material (Mendez-Reguera & Lopez Cabrera, 2020). If interactive learning can decrease anxiety while increasing engagement, it stands to reason that interaction with other forms of media can possibly do the same. Memes are a contemporary form of media that are increasingly popular in younger generations (Beach & Dredger, 2017). In this study, researchers investigate the effect of using self-designed memes to increase engagement and retention of neuroscience information.Item Role Models with Bottles: An Analysis of Exposure to Alcohol Branding in Music Videos(Florida Southern College, 2021-12-02) Shorey, Allen; Smith, Patrick L.Music videos have been used to popularize different musical styles towards the proclivities for continual young generations. However, use of provocative content (e.g. substance abuse) seems to be increasing with each generation (Durant et al. 1997). Previous research has explored various social factors that affect various perceptions of music videos, including alcohol and substance abuse (e.g. Cranwell et al. 2017). The purpose of such research was to analyze perceptions of music videos when alcohol or illicit substances were consumed, but two major limitations are present in the form of specific genres that may differentially glorify alcohol/substance abuse and how such perceptions generalize to American culture. The current study explores how variations of music video genres influence the perceptions of alcohol consumption within the aforementioned variables in common American music video outlets. The design is a 3x2 between-subjects factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA), with level of alcohol consumption (High-Alcohol, No-Alcohol) and variations of music video genre (Pop, Hip Hop, Classical) as the between subjects factors. In the current study, participants were given a perception of alcohol questionnaire. Scores were assessed based on what type of video the participant was given (with varying genre and alcohol content). Results from this study could contribute towards policy change in the United States regarding youth exposure to alcohol content in music videos.Item Temperature-dependent conditioned salivation responses to auditory stimuli: Informative cues that make one 'pucker up'(North American Journal of Psychology, 2012-12) Smith, Patrick L.; Stoltzfus, DavidFlavor manipulation of foods is an ongoing area of research that has explored how sensory interactions contribute to learned food preferences. While the bulk of literature pertaining to flavor preferences focuses on direct associations between taste, olfactory, and trigeminal (e.g., temperature) cues with post-ingestional consequences, there is evidence that other sensory input (e.g., audition) is associated with different flavor cues to elicit conditioned behaviors of anticipated digestion (i.e., salivation). The present study examined whether salivation responses to auditory tones could be conditioned after being paired with a salivation-inducing tastant that varied in temperature. Participants (N = 110) were randomly assigned to one of five groups that received a lemon juice stimulus at one of the following temperatures: 5°C, 15°C, 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C. All groups were given a 3600-Hz tone (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) followed by a swab of lemon juice (i.e., the unconditioned stimulus, or US) at one of the five temperatures. Participants were given 50 CS-US pairings, during which perceived salivation responses to both stimuli were recorded after every 10 CS-US pairings. Results demonstrated that both types of salivation responses increased across the conditioning period, but these responses were highest when the lemon juice was at room temperature and were significantly lower at cooler temperatures. The data indicate a possible associative learning process that uses non-ingested sensory cues to make informative associations about potential food and their expected flavors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)