School of Business and Free Enterprise

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This collection includes scholarly output from both faculty and students in the School of Business and Free Enterprise.

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Digital technology and sport ecology
(The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management, 2022-12-01) Orr, Maddy; Ross, Walker J.
All human activities are dependent to some extent on the natural environment and the resources that it provides. At the most basic level, the natural environment provides the raw materials needed to build and maintain all sport spaces (e.g., land, grass, metals use in equipment, plants for making shirts). It also provides clean air and fresh water, which are necessary for safe physical activity. As the use of digital technologies expands into every aspect of modern life, questions arise regarding whether and how digital technologies impact athletes’ and fans’ relationships with nature. The literature examining this intersection is scant, but we’ve identified a few specific applications of digital sport innovation that are changing the way sports are managed and played. These include weather and disaster monitoring, air quality monitoring, digital technologies for facility management, and digital technologies to improve the user's (athlete) experience in natural environments. We discuss each area in this chapter and conclude with a brief discussion on the potential and the unknowns in this space, and a word of caution for fast-tech-development that may run counter to healthy human-environment relationships in the sport context.
Corporate governance in immigrant-founded entrepreneurial firms: ownership heterogeneity and firm performance
(Venture Capital, 2023-02) Moghaddam, Kaveh; Judge, William Q.; Lewellyn, Krista B.; Askarzadeh, Fatemeh
Drawing from resource dependence theory and the faultlines perspective, this study examines how ownership heterogeneity affects firm performance in the understudied context of entrepreneurial firms founded by immigrants. We find that investment by venture capitalists (VCs) is associated with immigrant-founded entrepreneurial firms being less profitable during their infancy stage. Our results also reveal that the presence of a native-born co-owner has a negative effect on performance for these entrepreneurial firms. This study suggests that immigrant entrepreneurs be more cautious about the costs and benefits of seeking resources from VCs and partnering with native co-owners. Further, seeking capital from alternative sources and employing native talent and expertise in terms of business advisers or executive managers may be effective alternative approaches for immigrant entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Venture Capital is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
A configurational perspective of boards' attention structures
(Corporate Governance: An International Review, 2022-11) Schiehll, Eduardo; Lewellyn, Krista B.; Yan, Wenxi
Research Question/Issue Research Findings/Insights Theoretical/Academic Implications Practitioner/Policy Implications What combinations of board attributes and contextual factors explain boards' selective distribution of attention between their dual role of resource provisioning and monitoring? At the board level, we consider board structure and breadth of knowledge, while the context in which boards operate is captured by the degree of external scrutiny, operational complexity, performance, and ownership structure.Our study demonstrates that there are multiple ways board attributes bundle and combine with important elements of the context to promote similar board attention structures. Our findings provide evidence of the causal complexity underlying this phenomenon and corroborate the notions of equifinality and asymmetric causality among board‐, firm‐, and institution‐level conditions conducive to boards allocating more attention to either their resource provisioning or monitoring roles.Our findings support the attention‐based view (ABV), suggesting that boards' selective distribution of attention is regulated by the combination of skills and knowledge directors bring to the firm and the stimuli provided by contextual factors. In doing so, we underscore the need for an extended theory on board effectiveness, as resource dependence‐ and agency‐based prescriptions about boards' behavior may be incomplete, since there is limited consideration by these theories of the bounded rationality of directors and the complex relationships between the factors that can frame boards' selective distribution of attention.Our study informs efforts to disentangle the conditions under which different attributes combine and regulate boards' distribution of attention, which has implications for nomination committees and powerful actors who have influence on board appointments. Because our results reveal several causal paths that can promote similar board attention structures, decision makers may wish to recruit directors with specific attributes that will be the best fit for the firm's contextual conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Corporate Governance: An International Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Reducing Salesperson Turnover Intentions via Organizational Market Orientation and Selective Hiring: A Job Demand-Resources Approach
(Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 2022-12) Fleming, David E.; Artis, Andrew B.; Harris, Eric G.; Fergurson, J. Ricky; Askew, Matthew A.
This study is designed to respond to repeated calls for research on sales person retentionby building upon a mature research stream to identify ways to reduce turnover in boundary spanning employees and the resultant effect it has on organizational productivity. Specifically, this research draws on the Job Demands-Resources model to explore the effect of employee perceptions of firm market orientation as a way to reduce role stressors and subsequently turnover intentions. It also looks at employee traits that may serve as a buffer to the role stress to turnover intentions link and can be part of the hiring selection process (in this case grit). In so doing, this research uses a sample of early career salespeople to examine the effects of a firm's market orientation (MO) and selective hiring for specific traits (level of grit) on a salesperson's intention to quit using Job Demand-Resources as a framework. The authors utilized a questionnaire to collect data from a sample consisting of 260 respondents who were employed full-time and worked in either B2B or B2C sales as boundary-spanning employees. The measures utilized in this study have been used in previous research and have demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity. Analysis of the latent constructs was conducted using PLS-SEM. The model was assessed as specified in the hypotheses and was estimated using the PLS algorithm to obtain path coefficient estimates. Findings suggest that organizations can benefit internally from strong MO by mitigating stressors placed on boundary-spanning employees. Those who perceived strong MO in their employer experienced more clearly defined roles, which led to decreased role ambiguity. These increased levels of job satisfaction, which reduced turnover intention. Additionally, Grit appears to only moderate the link between role conflict and job satisfaction, which suggests that grit can serve as an additional resource salespeople can tap into in response to the demands of role stressors thereby reducing their likelihood of leaving their positions. In this research, inclusion of market orientation as an antecedent to role stressors in the Job Demands-Resources model expands the conceptualization of the construct as it relates to salespeople in that market orientation is something the firm can control directly. This opens research opportunities to use this model in the sales literature. In addition, the job-demands-resources model expands the role of grit beyond positive psychology to be viewed as a resource in stressful situations and puts the role of grit into a theoretical framework for use in business contexts. As such, the current work suggests that the grit scale can be used to replace measures used for similar constructs such as tenacity. This research suggests that role ambiguity can be reduced by the presence of a market orientation. This reduction in role ambiguity leads to an increase in job satisfaction which leads to reduced turnover intention. Thus, this study indicates that there may be a cost-saving benefit (e.g. recruiting and retention efforts, lost sales, etc.) that accrues to firms with a market orientation due to reduced salesperson turnover via role perceptions. This supports that the idea that organizations can benefit from market orientation not only externally, but also internally in terms of mitigating stressors placed on boundary-spanning employees. Therefore, companies should push for adoption of market orientation in order to alleviate some key role stressors placed on their salespeople in addition to the already established benefits from external customers. The link between grit, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions is another positive finding. As expected, job satisfaction helps reduce turnover intentions; however, the relationship is moderated by grit in such a way that people with higher grit show a weaker link between job satisfaction and turnover intentions while those with lower levels of grit show a stronger link between job satisfaction and turnover intentions. This raises human resource issues in the hiring process: human resource managers should work to identify salespeople with high levels of grit in order to better minimize turnover intentions given the cost of turnover to organizations. This research expands existing research by examining the effects of a firm's market orientation (MO) and selective hiring for specific traits (level of grit) on a salesperson's intention to quit using Job Demand-Resources as a framework Combining these two literature streams – market orientation and salesperson grit – is novel and will inspire new thinking and foster new insights. This study serves as a starting point for future research to examine firm controllable resources (market orientation) along with employee traits that can act as a buffer (grit) when resources are scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Boundary distributions with respect to Chebyshev's inequality
(Science Publications, 2010) Bias, Peter; Hedman, Shawn; Rose, David
Variables whose distributions achieve the boundary value of Chebyshev’s inequality are characterized and it is found that non-constant variables with this property are symmetric discrete with at most three values. Nevertheless, the bound of Chebyshev’s inequality remains optimal for the class of continuous variables.
Asset management in public DB and non-DB Pension Plans.
(Cambridge University Press, 2016-10) Farrell, James; Shoag, Daniel
State and local pension plans are increasingly moving from the traditional defined benefit (DB) model to non-DB models that generally allow for participant-directed investment. This shift has important implications for the management of the more than US$3 trillion in assets held to finance public employee retirement benefits. To investigate these implications, we introduce new data from a nationwide survey of public DB and non-DB plans and a unique data set on thousands of individual investors in the state of Florida's defined contribution (DC) plan. Using these sources, we explore how participant involvement in the public sector affects the distribution of asset class allocations, management fees, investment outcomes, and portfolio rebalancing at both the individual and aggregate levels. We found that there is little difference between the DB and non-DB plans in terms of asset mix, returns, and fees, except that DB plan have greater access and allocations to alternative investments. We also found that while the average individual DC plan participant allocated their asset similarly to the DB plan, black females and older white males, on average, invested on opposite tails of the risk spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Pension Economics & Finance is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED CORPORATE AFFINITY FOR TECHNOLOGY ON SERVICE OUTCOMES: A SIGNALING THEORY PERSPECTIVE
(Taylor & Francis, 2018) Fleming, David E.; Artis, Andrew B.; Harris, Eric G.; Solomon, Paul J.
Congruity theory suggests that customers' attitudes toward technology limit the benefits service firms accrue from publicizing their technological relationship, but signaling theory suggests the opposite. Both are used to develop and test hypotheses regarding the relationships between customer perceptions of corporate affinity for technology (PCAFT) and service outcomes. The study reveals that there are differences between customer types. For traditional financial service customers, PCAFT is driven by customers' personal affinity for technology consistent with selective attention theory and PCAFT is positively related to service performance perceptions. For younger customers, personal affinity for technology moderates the link between PCAFT and service performance perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
The effects of the quality and quantity of education on income inequality
(Springer, 2018-01) Hall, Joshua D.
High levels of income inequality characterize both developed and developing countries. This paper focuses on how the quality of education, measured by international, standardized test scores, and the quantity of education, measured by the average years of school attainment, affect the distribution of income. Overall, both greater educational achievement and educational attainment reduce income inequality. The marginal effect, however, is stronger for increases the educational attainment when considering their interactive effects. This result is robust, and strengthened, when the focus is on only developing countries, and to the inclusion of additional factors attributed to the growth of inequality such as globalization, technological progress, the quality of institutions and educational spending. Considering only the quantity of education misses other important elements of education that contribute to explaining the dynamics of income inequality.
Measuring the Diffusion of Technologies Through International Trade.
(Springer Nature, 2019-11) Hall, Joshua D.
Technological advancements affect economic growth, income distribution and levels of unemployment. However, quantifying the pace of technological diffusion is problematic. This paper develops a new measure of technological progress by estimating the high-skill content of imports using industry-level, bilateral trade data. Intuitively, during periods of trade liberalization, a higher skill content embodied within imports will lead to a faster change in the arrival rate of new technologies. Trade accelerated since the 1980s and with that came a diffusion of new technologies into developing countries. By utilizing the industry-level trade data in conjunction with the high-skill factor content of each industry, a measure of technological diffusion is developed using a theoretically consistent gravity model. This measure is highly correlated with other measures of technological progress and provides a new data set for a large number of both developed and developing countries. How the high-skill content of imports increased is analyzed for countries across the development spectrum. This measure of technological progress is applied to income inequality. It significantly increases inequality, consistent with theoretical expectations, and provides an additional avenue in how to measure technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Advances in Economic Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
OPTIMAL R&D SUBSIDIES WITH HETEROGENEOUS FIRMS IN A DYNAMIC SETTING
(Cambridge University Press, 2019-07) Hall, Joshua D.; Laincz, Christopher A.
When observably heterogeneous firms engage in R&D and policy can be conditioned on the heterogeneity, what is the optimal policy? This paper starts with a static duopoly model of R&D competition with uncertainty and finds it welfare enhancing to subsidize the larger firms with no subsidies for the smaller firm, extending existing results. This result follows because the policymaker's goal is to minimize the average cost of production. Our paper demonstrates that these results are not robust to a dynamic setting. The optimal policy depends on the equilibrium type of competition that emerges without intervention—an insight that cannot be found in a static setting. In a dynamic setting, the degree of competition becomes an endogenous variable. Interestingly, although the optimal policy in some cases provides a slightly larger subsidy for the larger firm, it is the smaller firm that benefits most in terms of firm value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Macroeconomic Dynamics is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Another look at frontline employee productivity propensity: a job demands – resources approach.
(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Harris, Eric G.
The current work contributes to the front line employee (FLE) performance literature by utilizing a Job Demands-Resources perspective to delineate the effect of productivity propensity on job stressors, work engagement, and job outcomes while including the effects of a job resource, supervisor support, and a moderating condition of job demands, customer workload. The results support several hypotheses and reveal that the effects of the construct on role perceptions are moderated by customer workload and that it affects job performance. The holistic nature of the full JD/R approach allows for stronger statements to be made regarding the contribution of the construct to the FLE performance literature.
Sustainable Olympic Development: A Proposed Benchmark for Managing Economic Outcomes.
(Taylor & Francis, 2021-03) Koba, Timothy; Gong, Hua; Ross, Walker J.; Grady, John
No other sporting event possesses the grandeur of the Olympics, and few other development projects demonstrate the lack of cost containment as the Olympics which leaves local residents paying the debt and maintenance of a venue they may never use. Legacy planning is an important consideration for the hosting of the Olympics, but one that does not always receive adequate consideration resulting in the "white elephant phenomenon." This study therefore looked to analyze the cost of hosting the Olympics compared to the economic activity in the host community in order to better inform public policy on the issues of sustainability and legacy, in particular. We are proposing a metric that helps to measure the costs that Olympic hosting has on the host community and provide a benchmark for containing those costs in terms of budgeting, construction and legacy planning for the Games. Consequently, the IOC can institute policy changes for project management that assist host cities in establishing a budget cap for venue development while simultaneously seeking to reduce the crippling debt that has accompanied them in the past. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR
Religious Discrimination and Accommodations in the U.S. Military: Best Practices for Leaders
(North American Journal of Psychology, 2019-03) Law, Charlie L.; Harris, Erica E.
Religious accommodation issues are becoming increasingly important in the U.S. workplace. Although religious discrimination claims are far outpaced by race and gender claims, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC, 2013) [...] The current study investigates the experiences of religious minorities in the United States (U.S.) Military. Specifically, we predicted that Muslim and Jewish individuals in the military would perceive higher levels of religious discrimination than Christians. Furthermore, we predicted that those religious minorities would be more likely than Christians to experience negative workplace outcomes. Results indicate that Muslim and Jewish individuals are more likely than Christians to experience religious discrimination. Muslim and Jewish individuals are also more likely to report lower job satisfaction and lower organizational commitment than Christians. Finally, we found that experiencing religious discrimination negatively affects workplace outcomes regardless of one's religious affiliation, although that discrimination was particularly detrimental to the job satisfaction for Muslim individuals. We conclude with recommendations for commanders, including the recommendation that military leaders increase their knowledge of Equal Opportunity (EO) policies and directives, expand support for diverse religious needs, search for and implement tried-and-true policies for dealing with religious discrimination, and use methods other than religion to help promote personal growth in their subordinates. Keywords: Religion, Accommodations, EO, Discrimination, Diversity, Military.
R&D investment around the world: Effects of ownership and performance-based cultural contexts
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021-03) Lewellyn, Krista B.; Bao, Rosey 'Shuji'
This study examines how ownership by different types of shareholders affects firm‐level research and development (R&D) investment. Integrating agency and resource dependence theories, we predict that up to a certain level, firm ownership by banks, corporations, governments, and insiders will positively relate to R&D investment. However, as ownership continues to increase, these shareholders shift their focus to personal wealth concerns, which makes owners more conservative towards R&D investment, resulting in reductions of R&D investment. Applying an institution‐based view, we expect the norms associated with performance‐based national cultures to moderate the curvilinear relationships between ownership and R&D investment. We test our hypotheses with a sample of 11,262 firms from 35 countries and find that ownership by banks, corporations, and governments has a curvilinear inverted U‐shaped relationship with R&D investment. Further, operating in a performance‐based culture enhances the effects for corporation and government ownership. Our findings contribute unique insights about what drives the important strategic activity of investing in R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Thunderbird International Business Review is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Gold for now and the golden years: Effects of CEO stock options and retirement pay on cross-border acquisitions
(Emerald Insight, 2018-07-09) Lewellyn, Krista B.
Abstract Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw from regulatory focus theory, to examine the effects of the “gain/no gain” nature of stock options and retirement pay on the decision to engage in cross-border acquisitions. The moderating effects of managerial discretion arising from the external industry context and internal organizational leadership structure are also examined. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ random effects negative binomial regression analysis with a longitudinal (2006–2016) data set of US public companies operating in four industries with differing levels of industry discretion: the oil and gas, paper and packaging, aerospace and defense, and telecommunications. Findings The findings indicate that both CEO in-the-money stock options and retirement pay are positively related to cross-border acquisition activity. The results also demonstrate that managerial discretion, arising from the firm’s external industry context, accentuates the positive relationship between both the value of CEO in-the-money stock options and retirement pay with cross-border acquisition activity. Practical implications The findings provide implication for practice as understanding how retirement pay and stock options, both of which make up a substantial portion of overall CEO pay in the USA, motivate cross-border acquisition activity, may improve decisions by executives. The evidence also provides guidance to boards of directors who are charged with the responsibility of creating CEO compensation contracts. Originality/value The paper fills important gaps in the existing research on the influence of compensation elements on firm outcomes, by offering a novel explanation for how in-the-money stock options and retirement pay affect CEOs’ motivations to engage in cross-border acquisitions.
Income Inequality, Entrepreneurial Activity, and National Business Systems: A Configurational Analysis.
(Sage Publications Inc., 2018-07) Lewellyn, Krista B.
This article explores how and why high levels of income inequality result from configurations of different types of entrepreneurial activities and elements of the institutional context in a multicountry sample. A configurational approach is used to unpack the complexities associated with how income inequality arises from different types of entrepreneurial activities embedded in different institutional contexts associated with Whitley’s national business systems dimensions. The findings from fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis reveal that high levels of both high-growth and necessity entrepreneurial activity are associated with income inequality in certain contexts that are characterized by distinct institutional complementarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Business & Society is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
The Corporate Board Glass Ceiling: The Role of Empowerment and Culture in Shaping Board Gender Diversity
(Springer Nature B.V., 2020-08) Lewellyn, Krista B.; Muller-Kahle, Maureen I.
In this study, we use a mixed-methods research design to investigate how national cultural forces may impede or enhance the positive impact of females' economic and political empowerment on increasing gender diversity of corporate boards. Using both a longitudinal correlation-based methodology and a configurational approach with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we integrate theoretical mechanisms from gender schema and institutional theories to develop a midrange theory about how female empowerment and national culture shape gender diversity on corporate boards around the world. With our configurational approach, we conceptually and empirically model the complexity that is associated with the simultaneous interdependencies, both complementary and substitutive ones, between female empowerment processes and various cultural dimensions. Our findings contribute unique insights to research focused on board gender diversity as well as provide information for firm decision makers and policymakers about possible solutions for addressing the continuing issue of the underrepresentation of women on corporate boards.
A Configurational Exploration of How Female and Male CEOs Influence Their Compensation.
(Sage Publications Inc., 2022-09) Lewellyn, Krista B.; Muller-Kahle, Maureen I.
The issues of excessive CEO compensation and gender pay gaps garner much attention from management scholars and the general public. In this study, we integrate these topics and explore the complex interdependent nature of how CEOs influence directors' evaluative perceptions about appropriate levels of CEO compensation and whether female and male CEOs do so in different ways. Drawing from role congruity theory and previous research on executive compensation, we use a configurational approach to identify how CEOs achieve high levels of compensation through different combinations of influence arising from their power, origin, tenure, similarities with evaluators, and organizational conditions. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis with a matched pair sample of female and male CEOs from 2010 to 2016, we find there are multiple configurations of influence conditions by which female and male CEOs achieve high compensation. Our inductive analysis, unpacking how these configurations differ between female and male CEOs, shows four distinct influence mechanisms: leveraging power and role empathy, trailblazer responsibility, leveraging power and similarity, and leveraging role empathy. These mechanisms highlight the ways influence conditions complement or mutually reinforce one another in different ways for female and male CEOs. Implications for theory and research about the unique challenges female executives face in achieving equitable treatment in the workplace are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Management is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
On the Trait Antecedents and Outcomes of Service Worker Job Resourcefulness: A Hierarchical Model Approach.
(Springer Nature, 2003) Licata, Jane W.; Mowen, John C.; Harris, Eric G.; Brown, Tom J.
In a series of three studies, a four-level hierarchical model of personality was employed to identify the antecedents and three validating criteria of a newly developed trait labeled job resourcefulness (JR). JR is defined as an enduring disposition to garner scarce resources and overcome obstacles in pursuit of job-related goals. Across three service contexts, JR was shown to predict customer orientation, self-rated performance, and supervisor-rated performance. The results also revealed that the hierarchical model accounted for more variance in performance ratings than one version of the 5-Factor Model of personality. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for selecting high-performing service employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Thinking outside the ‘box’: a discussion of sports fans, teams, and the environment in the context of COVID-19
(Taylor & Francis, 2020-11) Mastromartino, Brandon; Ross, Walker J.; Wear, Henry; Naraine, Michael L.
In this paper, we examine the implications of sport stadiums closures during the COVID-19 global pandemic. The paper looks at the impact of sport stadium closures from three perspectives: The individual fan, the sport organization, and societal implications, with specific consideration to the environment. Previous literature was reviewed in order to highlight the areas in which the sport industry will need to focus their attention to in the coming months and provide theoretical background for academics looking to identify unique research opportunities. With an understanding of the implications of sport stadium closures to the sport world and beyond, academics and practitioners can work to solve the problems that lie ahead during and after the COVID-19 crisis. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR

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